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Summary of main points.

• Biological influences on obesity include age, sex, race, hormonal factors (such as puberty, pregnancy and menopause) and a wide range of genetic factors and interactions between these.

• Recent findings have isolated a number of genes associated with various aspects of obesity such as hunger and food preference.

• The propensity to store body fat increases with age, and there are important age by sex, and possibly racial interactions.

There are multiple biological regulators of body fat. These are, in particular, genetics (including sex and race) and age.

Other biological factors. There are some other notable biological factors influencing tat loss which occur at certain periods of life. These include puberty, menses, and menopause and a wide range of genetic factors. Like most biological influences, these are relatively fixed, and hence modifications have generally not been seen as a realistic approach to dealing with the problem. The implications of these biological influences are in accepting factors beyond the control of the obese person. Obesity can no longer be simply ascribed to either ‘sloth’ or ‘gluttony’.

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